Its main ingredient is calcium phosphate, a hard insoluble material that adheres to the tooth enamel.ĭental calculus makes rough the surface of the teeth crown and roots, allowing more bacteria and minerals to attach much more easily on the existing plaque. This hardened structure is dental calculus. These create an acidic environment in the mouth causing the loss of calcium from the tooth enamel (demineralization).Ĭalcium, phosphorus and other minerals from saliva are absorbed into dental plaque and harden its structure. doi: 10.1111/ anaerobic bacteria of dental plaque produce acids as a by-product of their metabolism. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Serrano J, Escribano M, Roldán S, Martín C, Herrera D. Efficacy of inter-dental mechanical plaque control in managing gingivitis - a meta-review. Sälzer S, Slot DE, Van der Weijden FA, Dörfer CE. Efficacy of homecare regimens for mechanical plaque removal in managing gingivitis a meta review. Mechanical and chemical plaque control in the simultaneous management of gingivitis and caries: a systematic review. Blackwell Munksgaard: Copenhagen 2003.įiguero E, Nóbrega DF, García-Gargallo M, Tenuta LMA, Herrera D, Carvalho JC. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. The management of patients is also important.Ĭhlorhexidine Dental calculus EPMA Mineral uptake Oral biofilm SEM. It is necessary to disrupt the biofilm prior to the start of a CHG mouthwash in order to reduce the side effects associated with this procedure. Upon composition analysis of the clusters, calcium was detected at a greater concentration than phosphate.įindings suggested that CHG may promote mineral uptake into the biofilm soon after its use. Analyses using an SEM and EPMA showed many clusters containing calcium and phosphate complexes in CHG-treated biofilms. Pi levels in CHG-treated biofilms were significantly higher than those from the control group (p < 0.05) however, the influence of the number of exposures was limited. Repeatedly exposing biofilms to CHG dose-dependently increased Ca deposition, and the amount of Ca was five times as much as that of the control. The concentrations of Ca and Pi following a single exposure to CHG increased significantly compared with the control. Morphological structure was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and chemical composition was analyzed with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Calcium and phosphate in the biofilm were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and a phosphate assay kit, respectively. Biofilms were periodically exposed to 1 min applications of 0.12% CHG every 12 h and incubated for up to 2 days in BHI containing a calcifying solution. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mineral deposition preceding a calculus formation would occur at an early stage after the use of CHG using an in vitro saliva-related biofilm model.īiofilms were developed on the MBEC™ device in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth containing 0.5% sucrose at 37 ☌ for 3 days under anaerobic conditions. At the same time, an increase in calculus formation is known as one of considerable side effects. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) has been proven to be effective in preventing and controlling biofilm formation.
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